So we have found out about the different mechanical liabilities a label may have. In this chapter, you may have noticed our catchphrase “except for the United States”. Hereby, here is our chapter fully dedicated to the mechanical liability process in North America.
Exception #1: as we briefly touched upon in the previous chapter, download platforms in the United States are not mandated to secure a mechanical licence with a mechanical society and instead pass on this liability to the record label. The label will secure their mechanical licence via the Harry Fox Agency, or directly with the publisher in case the publisher is not a member of the Harry Fox Agency. And it will be the responsibility of the record label to calculate the mechanical royalty and send mechanical statements. Which brings us to our next exception: how these mechanical royalties are calculated.
Exception #2: whilst in most territories mechanical royalty rates are based on a percentage of sales revenue; in North America (United States & Canada), they do things a little differently. Here, the value of a mechanical royalty is decided by the Statutory Rate. Statutory rates are assigned penny rates per song determined by the Copyright Board in the United States and Canada respectively. These statutory rates are then multiplied by the number of units sold or manufactured, to determine the full mechanical royalty owed by the master rights owner to the mechanical society.
Since it’s any label’s responsibility to calculate and report these mechanical royalties based on the Statutory Rate for any downloads in the United States and physical copies manufactured in the United States, we are going to dive deeper into this calculation process.
Statutory rates refer to the set amounts paid per song for each physical reproduction or digital download. These rates are calculated as a "penny rate" for each song, but they can vary depending on the length of the recording. Specifically, all recordings up to 5 minutes in length get a set rate. All recordings over 5 minutes will have a higher stat rate, with the rate being calculated as a rate per minute, rounding up to the next minute. So a song of 5 minutes and 1 second in length will be given the same stat rate as a song exactly 6 minutes in length.
The statutory penny rates also differ between the USA and Canada:
Remember, in Canada, download platforms are responsible for mechanical royalties and are licensed by the local society.
The USA follows a similar system, but with their own rates, and with one key difference: since 2023, statutory rates are adjusted yearly to keep up with inflation. Here’s how the rates have changed over time:
The new rates for each year are announced by the CRB (Copyright Royalty Board) in December of the preceding year.
It’s important to note that the rates in Canada and the USA are in different currencies, which can make global royalty calculations a bit complicated.
These royalties are typically paid to publishers based on their share of the song. The publisher then distributes the royalties to their songwriters according to their contracts. For example, if three songwriters co-write a song and each has an equal share (⅓ each), and two songwriters are signed to the same publisher, the publisher will receive 2/3 of the mechanical royalties. The remaining ⅓ will go to the publisher of the third songwriter. If you're an independent songwriter without a publisher, you directly control your own publishing and royalties.
A clause commonly found in an artist’s contract is the controlled composition clause. This is a way for record labels to negotiate a reduced mechanical royalty rate for songs where the recording artist is also the songwriter (or at least one of the contributing songwriters) of that same sound recording. This is negotiated into the artist’s Recording Agreement, when they sign a record deal with a label. When a performing artist is also a writer of that sound recording, this writer is referred to as a controlled writer, hence the name “controlled” composition clause.
There are multiple terms that come into play with controlled composition clauses. The record label may choose to implement just one of these terms, or they might mix and match more than one. Some examples of terms used within a Controlled Composition Clause are as follows:
This is relevant in North America, where penny rates are applied, based on the length of the sound recording. If a minimum stat rate is referenced in the controlled composition clause, this means that the per song rate will be the 5 minute rate, even if the recording is longer than 5 minutes… but ONLY for the controlled writer. Non-controlled writers will still get their share of “full stat”.
When a track cap is negotiated, this changes the calculation basis of the statutory rate. For example: when there is a track cap of 10 times the minimum stat rate, this means the maximum mechanical royalty a label will pay for a full album is 10 times the 5 minute rate, regardless of how many more tracks there are on the album, and their length. Because the non-controlled writers are not part of the negotiations between the controlled writer and the label, they will still be paid the full share. This lowers the controlled writer’s share, who essentially gets paid whatever is ‘left’ of the track capped mechanical royalty after the non-controlled writers have been paid.
The label negotiates to pay a percentage of the stat rate instead of the full rate to the controlled composer. For example, they could negotiate they will pay just 75% of the stat rate.
In this case, unless specified otherwise, the per minute increments are maintained. So if the recording has a playing time of 5:32, your mechanical rate would be 75% of 6 x the per minute stat rate.
For sound recordings released in the USA, the master rights holder is required to obtain mechanical licences, and pay mechanical royalties, for both physical sales and digital permanent downloads (tracks, albums and ringtones) of their sound recordings. It is important to note (especially for digital) that the mechanical royalty being calculated by the master rights holder is based on the territory of usage/sale, and not the country of residence of said master rights holder. So for example a label based outside of the US needs to report mechanical royalties for downloads in the United States, but a US based label does not need to report mechanical royalties for permanent downloads outside of the United States, as these downloads would be covered by the download stores’ mechanical licences. Similarly, a US based label reports mechanicals for physical copies that were manufactured and distributed in the United States, whilst an overseas label will report mechanicals for physical units that were imported and distributed in the United States. To avoid double-reporting, the local mechanical society of overseas labels may make labels exempt from units that were manufactured in their home territory but shipped overseas, but it is important for labels to check this with their local society. It is also worth noting that physical distributors may handle this liability on behalf of the label.
The label will need to report physical and US download mechanical royalties to the Harry Fox Agency, or directly to the publisher if they are not represented by the former.
The Harry Fox Agency offers 3 options to secure your mechanical licences:
Keen followers of music business news outlets may have heard about a little something named the Music Modernization Act (MMA). The MMA came into effect in 2018, establishing new processes to streamline the flow of mechanical royalties from digital service providers (such as Spotify, Apple, Deezer…) to copyright holders (songwriters and publishers) for song use and digital reproduction in the USA. The Mechanical Licensing Collective (MLC) is a non-profit organisation, born out of the MMA, who is tasked with managing this operation. The MLC works directly with DSPs, on behalf of the underlying copyright holders, to secure blanket licences which cover mechanical royalties for streaming and for tethered downloads, a process which was previously managed by the Harry Fox Agency.
Whilst the MLC is legislated to also licence permanent download stores in the United States, In practice, however, many download platforms have pre-existing agreements with labels and distributors establishing the flow of mechanical royalties. So, in short, the newly implemented MMA, and the creation of the MLC, doesn’t really affect the mechanical licensing process for record labels and other master rights holders. As a master rights holder in North America, you are still obligated to pay mechanical royalties for permanent digital downloads and physical copies of your master recordings in the USA, regardless of where your business operates from. The main impact of the MMA is on the DSPs and the underlying copyright owners (songwriters and publishers).
Canadian download and streaming platforms are fully licensed by the mechanical societies, so labels do not have a digital mechanical liability in Canada. But, like any other territory, labels are required to secure mechanical licences and pay mechanical royalties for physical reproductions of sound recordings (CDs, Vinyl, Cassettes & DVD/Bluray) manufactured and sold within Canada. Additionally, local mechanical societies require a mechanical licence for physical units that are imported and distributed in Canada. To avoid double-reporting, the local mechanical society of overseas labels may make labels exempt from units that were manufactured in their home territory but shipped overseas, but it is important for labels to check this with their local society. It is also worth noting that physical distributors may handle this liability on behalf of the label.
Canada has two MROs, offering various processes and mechanical royalty rates, so you can choose to secure your mechanical licence through either society, as long as the publishers in question are affiliated with that MRO.
CMRRA offers 2 options to secure your mechanical licence
Known primarily as a Performing Rights Organisation (PRO), SOCAN acquired the Quebec based reproduction rights society, SODRAC, in 2018, expanding their services to include reproduction rights management.
